Written by Connie Moon Sehat and Tarunima Prabhakar, with Aleksei Kaminski 15 March 2021 From the Executive Summary “Closed” messaging apps such as WhatsApp, Signal and Telegram have grown in reach and adoption in recent years and have transformed elections-related communications. However, understanding their impact upon larger public discussion poses a conundrum for researchers. On … Continue reading Ethical Approaches to Closed Messaging Research: Considerations in Democratic Contexts